TB TW ID etc.

The adapted tool to measure tuberculosis-related stigma in workplaces in  Indonesia  is valid, internally consistent, reliable, and ready for broader external validation among workers in both formal and informal business sectors in Indonesia. However, the tool may not be generalizable to other areas, including rural regions. Indonesia also has a wide variety of cultures that may affect the interpretation of the questions and findings. Therefore, the items will need to be reviewed and refined before any wider implementation. Questions List: I do not want to eat or drink with coworkers with TB. I feel uncomfortable about being near coworkers with TB. I do not want to talk to coworkers with TB. I try not to touch coworkers with TB. I am worried about being infected by a coworker with TB. I would behave differently towards coworkers with TB. I do not want someone with TB working in my department/division/working room. I think that a coworker with TB should be ashamed. I think that a cowork

The proportion of individuals with dysglycemia (DM or pre-DM) did not significantly differ between those with favorable and unfavorable outcomes. However, dysglycemia was more frequent in TB patients who experienced treatment failure (P = .02) or death (P = .045). Individuals with favorable outcomes had lower HbA1c levels compared to those with treatment modification (P = .016), failure (P = .002), or death (P = .047). Among those with unfavorable outcomes, patients with treatment modification had lower HbA1c levels than those with treatment failure (P < .001) or who died (P = .012). Weight loss was more common in individuals with DM than in those with pre-DM or normoglycemia (P < .001). A higher proportion of TB patients with dysglycemia had a positive smear at baseline compared to those with normoglycemia. DM, but not pre-DM or dysglycemia overall, was independently associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. HbA1c values were also independently linked to unfavorable out

Pando, C., Hazel, A., Tsang, L.Y., Razafindrina, K., Andriamiadanarivo, A., Rabetombosoa, R.M., Ambinintsoa, I., Sadananda, G., Small, P.M., Knoblauch, A.M. and Rakotosamimanana, N., 2023. A social network analysis model approach to understand tuberculosis transmission in remote rural Madagascar.  BMC Public Health ,  23 (1), p.1511. Social network analysis (SNA), informed by ethnographic data on the nature and structure of human interactions, can provide valuable insights and enhance the realism of compartmental models.  Despite 15 years of intervention, the prevalence of latent TB infection only slightly decreased, indicating the persistence of TB reservoirs even after systematic treatment of active cases. The intensity of social contacts may increase TB exposure, and these inter-community differences are often overlooked by conventional transmission models.  (Editor: Yoseph Samodra)

Habib, M.A., Afrin, K., Efa, S.S., Hossain, M.D., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.M., Islam, N., Afroz, F., Rahim, M.A. and Hossain, M.D., 2024. Effects of diabetes mellitus on retreatment of Tuberculosis: A multi-centered case-control study from Bangladesh.  Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases ,  36 , p.100450. Recurrence of active TB after treatment can be due to either a relapse of infection with the same strain or reinfection with a new strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Several factors can influence the likelihood of recurrent TB, including treatment adherence, the severity of the initial episode, the patient’s immune status, and the risk of reinfection. In low-incidence settings, most recurrent TB cases are expected to be due to reactivation. See also: https://lintblab.weebly.com/  Retreatment TB patients are those undergoing treatment again due to relapse, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up. Retreatment patients have lower cure rates compared to new

Patel, D.G., Baral, T., Kurian, S.J., Malakapogu, P., Saravu, K. and Miraj, S.S., 2024. Nutritional status in patients with tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: A comparative observational study.  Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases ,  35 , p.100428. Cardiovascular disease prevalence was highest in the DM group, followed by the TB-DM group. Anaemia was more prevalent in the TB-DM group. Smoking and alcohol use were most common in the TB group, followed by the TB-DM group. See also: TB and kidney function impairment In the TB-DM group, HbA1c levels indicated poor diabetic control (10.47%), higher than in the DM group (8.17%). FBS was also above normal in the TB-DM group, followed by the DM group. Although there were no significant differences in nutritional parameters like albumin, globulin, and total proteins, vitamin B12 levels were highest in the TB-DM group. Notably, 95.83% of patients in the TB-DM group had HbA1c > 6.5, with similarly high FBS and RB

Kaur, R., Egli, T., Paynter, J., Murphy, R., Perumal, L., Lee, A., Harrison, A., Christmas, T., Lewis, C. and Nisbet, M., 2023. Tuberculosis and diabetes: increased hospitalisations and mortality associated with renal impairment. Internal Medicine Journal, 53(9), pp.1588-1594. Geographical Impact : The merging of diabetes and TB epidemics is most notable in South-East Asia, the Western Pacific, and the Middle East, where diabetes is also highly prevalent. While global TB rates are declining, diabetes prevalence is increasing due to obesity and an ageing population. Diabetes and TB Interactions : In TB patients, diabetes increases the risk of mortality, treatment failure, and TB relapse. High glucose conditions reduce phagocyte antigen presentation to T-helper cells, decreasing interferon-γ production, which is necessary for macrophages to kill TB. Active TB induces insulin resistance through the production of ‘stress’ hormones and cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6), causing impaired

d'Elbée, M., Harker, M., Mafirakureva, N., Nanfuka, M., Nguyet, M.H.T.N., Taguebue, J.V., Moh, R., Khosa, C., Mustapha, A., Mwanga-Amumpere, J. and Borand, L., 2024. Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of decentralising childhood tuberculosis diagnosis in six high tuberculosis incidence countries: a mathematical modelling study.  EClinicalMedicine ,  70 , p.102528. Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging due to difficulties in collecting sputum samples and the paucibacillary nature of pulmonary TB in children. Alternative specimen collection methods like induced sputum and gastric aspirate require specialized equipment and trained personnel, which are often unavailable at primary health centers (PHC) and sometimes even at district hospitals (DH). As a result, many children with symptoms suggestive of TB do not receive appropriate diagnostic tests, even at the DH level. Stool samples can be collected more easily in young children across various settings and can be u

Meghji, J., Kon, O.M. and Ainley, A., 2023. Clinical tuberculosis.  Medicine ,  51 (11), pp.768-773. Thirty high-TB-burden countries account for 87% of global cases, with incident rates exceeding 150/100,000. Two-thirds of these cases occur in just eight countries: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. England has been classified as a low-incidence area (<10/100,000) since 2017, with a rate of 7.3/100,000 in 2021. In 2020, England reported 4,125 TB cases, but national data obscure significant disparities, particularly among those born outside the UK, who accounted for 72.8% of cases (36.3/100,000). See also: TB and dialysis In 2020, 12.7% of TB patients had at least one social risk factor (alcohol or drug misuse, homelessness, imprisonment). Latent TB infection (LTBI) occurs when there is no clinical evidence of active disease despite a persistent immune response to TB antigens, with a 5-10% risk of progres

Ssekamatte P, Sande OJ, van Crevel R and Biraro IA (2023). Immunologic, metabolic and genetic impact of diabetes on tuberculosis susceptibility. Front. Immunol. 14:1122255. See also: Lin TB Lab Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 90-95% of all cases worldwide, with the highest prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. While the direct causes of T2DM are not fully understood, there are strong associations with factors such as overweight, obesity (especially visceral adiposity), aging, alcohol abuse, ethnicity, and a family history of diabetes. T2DM results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. See also: Post-TB DM and Stroke Obesity-related insulin resistance, a precursor to T2DM, involves a failure of pancreatic β-cells to compensate, leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Abdominal obesity is linked to low-grade chronic inflammation, which may contribute to metabolic disorders, including T2DM. Markers