Tuberculosis in Semarang, Indonesia

The research conducted in Semarang, Indonesia, aimed to assess the effectiveness of the TB elimination program within primary health centers (PHCs). The study focused on identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement to guide the city towards its goal of becoming TB-free by 2028. Utilizing a qualitative methodology through focus group discussions, the research was tailored to uncover nuanced perspectives from healthcare staff. This approach was vital for understanding operational challenges but highlighted limitations such as potential participant bias and the specificity of findings to the studied PHCs. Key findings include systemic inefficiencies, resource shortages, and significant community-based challenges like stigma and cultural barriers affecting treatment adherence and early diagnosis.[1]

To address the identified issues, several strategic recommendations emerge. First, there is an urgent need for system integration to avoid duplication and ensure real-time data availability for effective patient follow-up. Secondly, bolstering resource availability, particularly diagnostic tools and medications, is crucial to reduce treatment delays. Community outreach should be intensified to combat stigma and educate on TB, while capacity building for healthcare workers will help in managing latent TB cases more effectively. Lastly, aligning local strategies with national policies will ensure that efforts are both consistent and scalable, contributing to a sustainable path towards TB elimination in Semarang by 2028.[1]

In Semarang City, Indonesia, a research study was conducted to explore the influence of housing quality and sanitation conditions on tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. The study utilized a quantitative observational method, where data were gathered through home visits and analyzed using linear regression to determine causal relationships. The results indicated a modest but statistically significant effect of housing adequacy on the success of TB treatment; however, the analysis found no significant correlation between household sanitation and the outcomes of TB treatment. These findings underline the complexity of TB management, suggesting that while environmental conditions contribute to treatment success, they are not the sole factors.[2]

Further analysis of the data revealed specific details about the impact of housing on TB treatment. Inadequate housing conditions were associated with slightly poorer treatment outcomes, accounting for only 0.3% of the variability in these outcomes, which highlights the limited but non-negligible role of housing quality in managing TB. In contrast, the lack of a significant relationship between sanitation and treatment outcomes suggests that improvements in sanitation, while essential for public health, may not directly influence TB treatment success. This discrepancy emphasizes the need to address broader public health issues alongside targeted disease management strategies.[2]

A study aimed to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Semarang City. It used an observational case-control design, conducted between November and December 2020 at community health centers (Puskesmas) in Semarang. A total of 70 participants were involved, consisting of 35 cases and 35 controls. Data were collected through structured interviews using pre-prepared questionnaires. The analysis showed no significant association between MDR-TB and age over 45, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), education level, or the presence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). However, a significant relationship was found between MDR-TB and economic status, history of contact with MDR-TB patients, previous TB treatment, and stress levels. These four factors were identified as the main contributors to the occurrence of MDR-TB in the study area.[3]

References:

1. Handayani, S. and Isworo, S., 2024. Evaluation of Tuberculosis program implementation in Primary Health Care, Semarang, Indonesia. International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific, pp.1-11.

2. Hakam, M.A., Safitri, B.D., Wandastuti, A.D., Husni, M.F., Setiawan, A.W., Konoralma, A.R., Radja, B.L., Setiono, O. and Wulan, W.R., 2024. The Relationship Between Adequate Housing And Household Sanitation With The Success Of Tuberculosis Patient Treatment In Semarang City. International Journal of Health Literacy and Science, 2(2), pp.14-19.

3. Buryanti, S., 2021. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian TB MDR di Kota Semarang. Journal Health & Science: Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community, 5(1), pp.146-154.