Age differences in factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis [TBN 078]

1. Who

• Population: 715,394 Indonesian participants aged ≥16 years from RISKESDAS 2018.
• Age groups:
  • 16–45 years: 469,517 participants
  • 46–64 years: 191,732 participants
  • ≥65 years: 54,145 participants
• Key conditions assessed: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), diabetes mellitus (DM), heart disease, smoking status, BMI, education, employment, sex, residence, and family size.

2. What

• Study focus: Prevalence of PTB and factors associated with PTB across different age groups in Indonesia.
• PTB prevalence:
  • 16–45 years: 3.5‰
  • 46–64 years: 6.8‰
  • ≥65 years: 9.6‰
• Independent factors associated with PTB:
  • Age 16–45: education ≤6 years, former smoking, underweight, DM, heart disease.
  • Age 46–64: male sex, large family size, education ≤6 years, unemployment, former smoking, underweight, DM, heart disease.
  • Age ≥65: male sex, education ≤6 years, former smoking, underweight, DM, heart disease.
• Strongest associations:
  • DM in age 16–45: aOR 6.23, 95% CI 4.37–8.89.
  • Underweight in age 46–64: aOR 3.64, 95% CI 3.02–4.39.
  • Underweight in age ≥65: aOR 2.72, 95% CI 2.09–3.55.
• Interaction findings: Associations between PTB and former smoking, DM, and heart disease differed significantly by age group.

3. When

• Survey year: 2018.
• PTB definition timeframe: Diagnosed by a healthcare professional within the past year.
• Survey frequency: RISKESDAS is conducted every five years.

4. Where

• Location: Indonesia.
• Coverage: All 34 provinces, 416 districts, and 98 cities.
• Data source: Nationally representative RISKESDAS 2018 survey.

5. Why

• Rationale: TB-DM comorbidity is linked to treatment failure, recurrence, and drug resistance.
• Knowledge gap: Indonesia’s national TB program does not currently integrate age-specific grouping in diagnosis and treatment strategies.
• Objective: To investigate PTB prevalence and age-specific factors associated with PTB.

6. How

• Study design: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data.
• Level of evidence: Observational, cross-sectional evidence.
• Sampling: Two-stage sampling using probability proportional to size and systematic household selection.
• Data collection: Face-to-face interviews, structured questionnaires, visual aids, anthropometric measurements, and blood glucose testing.
• Statistical methods:
• Rao-Scott Chi-square tests
• Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression
• Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals
• Interaction analysis by age group

Source: Susanti EW, Wiratama BS, Hsieh FI. Age differences in factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study of Indonesian Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018. Infectious Diseases. 2026 Feb 1;58(2):221-32. https://benangmerah.net/record/97/age-differences-in