Association of DM, smoking, and alcohol use with subclinical-to-symptomatic spectrum of TB
·
WHO recommends
systematic screening for active TB in specific populations or settings.
·
Screening aims to
identify both symptomatic and asymptomatic TB cases.
·
Males are more likely
to have TB but are underrepresented in screenings.
·
Surveys should
systematically collect NCD-related variables to develop TB risk prediction models.
·
History of TB, HIV,
self-reported diabetes, and current smoking can indicate higher TB risk.
·
The risk magnitude is
approximately 1.5-fold for current smoking and self-reported diabetes.
·
Screening policies
should target individuals with these risk factors.
·
Current smokers could
be prioritized for chest X-ray screening alongside symptom screening.
·
Up to 50% of TB cases
can be subclinical; smokers are more likely to have subclinical TB.
·
Self-reported diabetes
is linked to symptomatic TB but not subclinical TB.
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