Determinants of The Incidence of Tuberculosis in Malang Raya Area

Who

The study population consisted of all recorded tuberculosis (TB) cases in the Malang Raya area (Malang City, Malang Regency, and Batu City). The unit of analysis was groups (sub-districts) rather than individuals. The sample included the entire population of TB cases recorded by local Health Offices during 2020–2021. Individual-level demographic characteristics were not specified.

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What

This ecological study examined the correlation between environmental, housing, behavioral, demographic, and climatic factors and TB incidence. The key findings were:

• Significant correlations were found between:

  • Coverage of healthy houses and TB incidence (p = 0.029)

  • Coverage of households adopting a healthy lifestyle and TB incidence (p = 0.005)

• No significant correlations were found between TB incidence and:

  • Population density

  • Air humidity

  • Rainfall

The authors conclude that housing quality and household healthy lifestyle coverage are important determinants of TB incidence in Malang Raya and should be strengthened through community-based health promotion.

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When

The primary analysis focused on TB incidence data for the year 2021, using recorded TB cases from 2020–2021.

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Where

The study was conducted in the Malang Raya area, East Java, Indonesia, which includes:

• Malang City

• Malang Regency

• Batu City

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Why

The study aimed to address the need to understand contextual and environmental determinants of TB incidence at the population level. TB remains a public health problem in Indonesia, and identifying modifiable ecological factors, such as housing conditions and healthy lifestyle coverage, is essential for improving TB prevention strategies.

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How

• Study design: Quantitative ecological study

• Data sources: Secondary data from:

  • Local Health Offices

  • Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS)

• Independent variables:

  • Coverage of healthy houses

  • Coverage of households with healthy lifestyle

  • Population density

  • Air temperature

  • Humidity

  • Rainfall

• Dependent variable: TB incidence

• Data analysis:

  • Descriptive analysis using frequency and percentage distributions

  • Correlation analysis using Pearson Product Moment and Spearman’s rho tests

Source: Alma, L.R., Olivionita, V. and Wardani, H.E., 2024. An Ecological Study of Determinants of The Incidence of Tuberculosis in Malang Raya Area. Preventia: The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 112–120.